Italy against Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) from 1935 to 1940.The Soviet Union in Xinjiang, Republic of China, during the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang against the 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) in 1934, and also in the Xinjiang War (1937) during 1936 – 37.Spain and France against Rif insurgents in Morocco during 1921 – 27.United Kingdom against the Red Army in 1919.Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars or other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate: Towards the end of World War I, mustard gas was used in high concentrations as an area-denial weapon that forced troops to abandon heavily-contaminated areas. If mustard gas contaminate a soldier's clothing and equipment, then the other soldiers that he comes into contact with are also poisoned. Mustard gas is a persistent weapon that remains on the ground for days and weeks, and it continues to cause ill effects. The early countermeasures against mustard gas were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing a gas mask was not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. Its effectiveness was as an incapacitating agent. Exposure to mustard gas was lethal in about one percent of cases. Mustard gas has also been dispersed in such munitions as aerial bombs, land mines, mortar rounds, artillery shells, and rockets. Mustard gas was dispersed as an aerosol in a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color and a distinctive odor. This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the Hindenburg Line. (The only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process). It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard gas weapon. The Allies did not use mustard gas until November 1917 at Cambrai, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard-gas shells. The name Yperite comes from its usage by the German army near the town of Ypres. Mustard gas was first used effectively in World War I by the German army against British soldiers near Ypres, Belgium, in 1917 and later also against the French Second Army.
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